{
 "name": "Theodor Holm Nelson",
 "known_as": "Ted Nelson",
 "born": "1937-06-17",
 "birthplace": "Chicago, Illinois",
 "summary": "Theodor Holm Nelson, born in Chicago on 17 June 1937, is the American information-technology pioneer, philosopher and sociologist who coined the words \"hypertext\" and \"hypermedia\" in 1963 and published them in 1965. In 1960, as a Harvard graduate student, he began Project Xanadu, the original hypertext project: a worldwide system of documents with visible, two-way connections, in which any passage can appear in any other document by reference (transclusion) while staying linked to its origin. His 1974 book Computer Lib/Dream Machines told ordinary people they could and must understand computers, and his 1981 book Literary Machines laid out the Xanadu design. He holds degrees from Swarthmore, Harvard and Keio, was made an Officier des Arts et Lettres by France in 2001, and is the son of film director Ralph Nelson and actress Celeste Holm.",
 "fan_site": true,
 "official_sites": {
  "xanadu": "https://xanadu.com/",
  "home": "https://hyperland.com/",
  "youtube": "https://www.youtube.com/thetednelson",
  "store": "https://computerlibbook.com/",
  "keio_era": "https://xanadu.com.au/ted/"
 },
 "timeline": [
  {
   "year": "1937",
   "title": "Born in Chicago",
   "text": "Theodor Holm Nelson is born on 17 June to film and television director Ralph Nelson and actress Celeste Holm, who married in 1936 and divorced in 1939. He is raised largely by his grandparents, in Chicago and then Greenwich Village.",
   "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Nelson"
  },
  {
   "year": "1957",
   "title": "A rock musical at Swarthmore",
   "text": "Co-writes and co-produces Anything and Everything at Swarthmore College, two years before graduating.",
   "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Nelson"
  },
  {
   "year": "1959",
   "title": "B.A. in philosophy; a film and a first book",
   "text": "Graduates from Swarthmore with a B.A. in philosophy (his own page and Wikipedia say 1959; one HCI history page says 1960). Makes the student film The Epiphany of Slocum Furlow, scored by Peter Schickele, and publishes Life, Love, College, etc.",
   "source": "https://ted.hyperland.com/whoIam/"
  },
  {
   "year": "1960",
   "title": "Project Xanadu begins",
   "text": "As a Harvard graduate student he starts what becomes Project Xanadu, the original hypertext project, as a term project: a writing system in which text could be compared, versioned and linked. xanadu.com still carries the line Founded 1960.",
   "source": "https://xanadu.com/"
  },
  {
   "year": "1962-63",
   "title": "Dolphins, Bateson and a master's degree",
   "text": "Works as photographer and filmmaker at John C. Lilly's Communication Research Institute in Miami, sharing an office with Gregory Bateson. Earns an M.A. in sociology from Harvard's Department of Social Relations (1963 on his own page; 1962 on Wikipedia).",
   "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Nelson"
  },
  {
   "year": "1963",
   "title": "The words hypertext and hypermedia",
   "text": "Coins hypertext and hypermedia. He would later list them first among the words he introduced.",
   "source": "https://ted.hyperland.com/whoIam/"
  },
  {
   "year": "1964-66",
   "title": "Teaching at Vassar",
   "text": "Instructor in sociology at Vassar College.",
   "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Nelson"
  },
  {
   "year": "1965",
   "title": "The paper that published the word",
   "text": "Presents Complex information processing: a file structure for the complex, the changing and the indeterminate at the ACM 20th National Conference (proceedings pp. 84-100, doi 10.1145/800197.806036). The first printed use of hypertext, and the paper that introduced zippered lists.",
   "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertext"
  },
  {
   "year": "1966-67",
   "title": "The name Xanadu",
   "text": "The project takes its name from Coleridge's Kubla Khan (Wikipedia's two articles date the naming to 1966 and 1967).",
   "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Xanadu"
  },
  {
   "year": "1967",
   "title": "The Hypertext Editing System at Brown",
   "text": "Consults with Andries van Dam's group at Brown University on HES, the Hypertext Editing System, which ran on an IBM 2250 display with a light pen. Its successor was FRESS.",
   "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertext"
  },
  {
   "year": "1968-69",
   "title": "Bell Labs and CBS",
   "text": "Hypertext-related research at Bell Labs and interactive slideshow work at CBS Laboratories.",
   "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Nelson"
  },
  {
   "year": "1972",
   "title": "The first demonstration runs out of money",
   "text": "Cal Daniels completes a first demonstration version of Xanadu on a rented Data General Nova; the rental has to be returned for lack of funds.",
   "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Xanadu"
  },
  {
   "year": "1974",
   "title": "Computer Lib/Dream Machines",
   "text": "Self-publishes the two-front-covered book with about $2,000 of his own money, a print run of a few hundred copies, and the slogan You can and must understand computers NOW. Computer Lib is the political half; Dream Machines is the hypermedia half. He coins intertwingularity and cybercrud in it. Howard Rheingold later calls it the best-selling underground manifesto of the microcomputer revolution.",
   "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Lib/Dream_Machines"
  },
  {
   "year": "1976-80",
   "title": "The itty bitty machine company",
   "text": "Co-founds and serves as advertising director of the itty bitty machine company (its initials, ibm, were the joke) in Evanston, Illinois, an early personal-computer store.",
   "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Nelson"
  },
  {
   "year": "1977",
   "title": "The Home Computer Revolution",
   "text": "Publishes The Home Computer Revolution and spends a year as visiting lecturer in computing at Swarthmore.",
   "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Nelson"
  },
  {
   "year": "1979",
   "title": "Tumblers at Swarthmore",
   "text": "A summer gathering at Swarthmore brings in Roger Gregory, Mark S. Miller and Stuart Greene. Miller and Gregory devise tumblers, the transfinite addressing scheme that lets Xanadu name any span of any version of any document.",
   "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Xanadu"
  },
  {
   "year": "1980-81",
   "title": "Editing Creative Computing",
   "text": "Editor at Creative Computing magazine.",
   "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Nelson"
  },
  {
   "year": "1981",
   "title": "Literary Machines",
   "text": "Publishes Literary Machines through his Mindful Press (first edition typewritten; nine editions to 93.1). It defines hypertext as non-sequential writing, names transclusion, and lays out the Xanadu design and its docuverse. Tim Berners-Lee's 1992 CERN pages call it essential reading.",
   "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literary_Machines"
  },
  {
   "year": "1981-84",
   "title": "Datapoint, and the idea for ZigZag",
   "text": "Chief software designer, then media specialist and technical writer, at Datapoint in San Antonio, Texas. Conceives ZigZag there in 1981.",
   "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZigZag_(software)"
  },
  {
   "year": "1987",
   "title": "Computer Lib, revised",
   "text": "Tempus Books of Microsoft Press issues a revised Computer Lib/Dream Machines, with a foreword by Stewart Brand.",
   "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Nelson"
  },
  {
   "year": "1988",
   "title": "Autodesk backs Xanadu",
   "text": "After meeting Autodesk founder John Walker at the Hackers Conference (Wikipedia says 1983; the first Hackers Conference was in 1984), Autodesk acquires the Xanadu technology in 1988. Nelson becomes a Distinguished Fellow at Autodesk.",
   "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Xanadu"
  },
  {
   "year": "1992",
   "title": "Autodesk lets go; Marlene Mallicoat joins",
   "text": "In August Autodesk divests the Xanadu Operating Company; lead programmers Mark Miller, Dean Tribble and Ravi Pandya go to Charles S. Smith's Memex. The same year Marlene Mallicoat, a former IBM software designer, becomes his collaborator and later his wife; she died in 2015.",
   "source": "https://www.legacy.com/obituaries/sfgate/obituary.aspx?pid=174972671"
  },
  {
   "year": "1995",
   "title": "The Curse of Xanadu",
   "text": "Gary Wolf's Wired article calls Xanadu the longest-running vaporware story in the history of the computer industry. Nelson publishes a rebuttal on his site and, in 2019, a feature-length video reply, The Jackal's Curse.",
   "source": "https://www.wired.com/1995/06/xanadu/"
  },
  {
   "year": "1995-96",
   "title": "Sapporo HyperLab",
   "text": "Visiting professor of media and information science at Hokkaido University, running the Sapporo HyperLab.",
   "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Nelson"
  },
  {
   "year": "1996-2002",
   "title": "Keio",
   "text": "Visiting professor at Keio University's Shonan Fujisawa Campus, with further visiting professorships at Southampton and Nottingham. Publishes The Future of Information (ASCII Corporation, Tokyo, 1997).",
   "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Nelson"
  },
  {
   "year": "1998",
   "title": "Yuri Rubinsky award; Udanax",
   "text": "Receives the Yuri Rubinsky Memorial Award at the Seventh World Wide Web Conference in Brisbane. The Xanadu source code is released as Project Udanax (1998 per Wikipedia; the Udanax site itself gives 1999).",
   "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Nelson"
  },
  {
   "year": "1999",
   "title": "ZigZag demonstrated",
   "text": "Team Zigzag (Edward Betts, Ted Nelson, Marlene Mallicoat, Art Medlar, Andrew Pam, Jeffrey Ventrella) shows a working ZigZag prototype in November; Andrew Pam had written the first prototype in Perl in 1997.",
   "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZigZag_(software)"
  },
  {
   "year": "2001",
   "title": "Officier des Arts et Lettres",
   "text": "Made an Officier des Arts et Lettres by France. US Patent 6,262,736 for ZigZag's interactive connection system is issued on 17 July.",
   "source": "https://www.oii.ox.ac.uk/people/profiles/ted-nelson/"
  },
  {
   "year": "2002",
   "title": "Ph.D. from Keio",
   "text": "Doctor of Philosophy in Media and Governance, Keio University.",
   "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Nelson"
  },
  {
   "year": "2004-08",
   "title": "Oxford Internet Institute",
   "text": "Fellow of the Oxford Internet Institute (March 2004 to January 2006) with a visiting fellowship at Wadham College, then Visiting Research Fellow to October 2008. The OII calls him a systems humanist.",
   "source": "https://www.oii.ox.ac.uk/people/profiles/ted-nelson/"
  },
  {
   "year": "2007",
   "title": "XanaduSpace; seventy",
   "text": "XanaduSpace 1.0, a viewer for parallel documents with visible connections, is released. Southampton marks his 70th birthday with an invited lecture.",
   "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Xanadu"
  },
  {
   "year": "2008",
   "title": "Geeks Bearing Gifts",
   "text": "Publishes Geeks Bearing Gifts: How the Computer World Got This Way (Mindful Press, 199 pages).",
   "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Nelson"
  },
  {
   "year": "2010",
   "title": "Possiplex, launched at the Internet Archive",
   "text": "Publishes his autobiography POSSIPLEX: Movies, Intellect, Creative Control, My Computer Life and the Fight for Civilization and launches it at the Internet Archive on 8 October, reading for two hours, demonstrating Xanadu and screening his 1959 film.",
   "source": "https://blog.archive.org/2010/10/15/ted-nelson-launches-his-autobiography-at-internet-archive/"
  },
  {
   "year": "2012",
   "title": "Computers for Cynics",
   "text": "Begins the Computers for Cynics series on his YouTube channel: the myth of technology, files and directories, Xerox PARC, the database mess, Apple and Microsoft, hyperhistory, the real story of the World Wide Web.",
   "source": "https://hyperland.com/"
  },
  {
   "year": "2013",
   "title": "A eulogy for Engelbart; Homebrew",
   "text": "Delivers a eulogy for Douglas Engelbart at the Computer History Museum in December, which his home page calls his best writing ever. Featured speaker at the Homebrew Computer Club reunion in November.",
   "source": "https://hyperland.com/"
  },
  {
   "year": "2014",
   "title": "OpenXanadu, SIGCHI, Chapman",
   "text": "OpenXanadu is released as a working deliverable, 54 years after the project began. ACM SIGCHI gives him its Special Recognition Award. Chapman University confers an honorary Doctor of Science at Intertwingled, a conference on his work with speakers including Steve Wozniak and Wendy Hall.",
   "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Nelson"
  },
  {
   "year": "2015",
   "title": "Intertwingled, the book",
   "text": "Springer publishes Intertwingled: The Work and Influence of Ted Nelson, edited by Douglas Dechow and Daniele Struppa.",
   "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Nelson"
  },
  {
   "year": "2016",
   "title": "Lo and Behold",
   "text": "Werner Herzog interviews him for Lo and Behold, Reveries of the Connected World.",
   "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Xanadu"
  },
  {
   "year": "2017",
   "title": "Eighty, at the Internet Archive",
   "text": "Gives an 80th-birthday presentation at the Internet Archive. The Archive begins digitizing Ted Nelson's Junk Mail Cartons, the direct-mail advertising he collected from the 1960s to the mid-2000s.",
   "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Nelson"
  },
  {
   "year": "2018",
   "title": "Where My Ideas Came From",
   "text": "Writes Where My Ideas Came From-- for Brewster, an essay for Brewster Kahle on Bush, Coleridge and the 1960 Harvard project, posted to the Internet Archive.",
   "source": "https://archive.org/details/HTbrewD11"
  },
  {
   "year": "2019-",
   "title": "Still at it",
   "text": "Publishes The Jackal's Curse, teaches at Chapman and UC Santa Cruz, and keeps xanadu.com and his channel going. Still hoping, in his words, for vindication, the last laugh, and recognition as an additional standard.",
   "source": "https://xanadu.com/"
  }
 ],
 "books": [
  {
   "title": "Computer Lib / Dream Machines",
   "cite": "Self-published, 1974. Revised edition, Tempus Books of Microsoft Press, 1987. Republished by the author.",
   "url": "https://computerlibbook.com/"
  },
  {
   "title": "Literary Machines",
   "cite": "Mindful Press, 1981; editions to 93.1 (1993). ISBN 0-89347-055-4.",
   "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literary_Machines"
  },
  {
   "title": "The Home Computer Revolution",
   "cite": "1977.",
   "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Nelson"
  },
  {
   "title": "The Future of Information",
   "cite": "ASCII Corporation, Tokyo, 1997.",
   "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Nelson"
  },
  {
   "title": "Geeks Bearing Gifts: How the Computer World Got This Way",
   "cite": "Mindful Press, 2008. ISBN 978-0-578-00438-9. 199 pages.",
   "url": "https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780578004389"
  },
  {
   "title": "POSSIPLEX: Movies, Intellect, Creative Control, My Computer Life and the Fight for Civilization",
   "cite": "Mindful Press, 2010. ISBN 978-0-89347-004-3.",
   "url": "https://blog.archive.org/2010/10/15/ted-nelson-launches-his-autobiography-at-internet-archive/"
  },
  {
   "title": "Life, Love, College, etc.",
   "cite": "1959.",
   "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Nelson"
  }
 ],
 "papers": [
  {
   "title": "Complex information processing: a file structure for the complex, the changing and the indeterminate",
   "cite": "Proceedings of the ACM 20th National Conference, August 1965, pp. 84-100. doi 10.1145/800197.806036. The first published use of hypertext and hypermedia.",
   "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/800197.806036"
  },
  {
   "title": "A cosmology for a different computer universe: data model, mechanisms, virtual machine and visualization infrastructure",
   "cite": "Journal of Digital Information, vol. 5 no. 1, January 2004. On ZigZag.",
   "url": "https://jodi-ojs-tdl.tdl.org/jodi/article/view/jodi-129"
  },
  {
   "title": "Where My Ideas Came From-- for Brewster",
   "cite": "Essay for Brewster Kahle, 11 January 2018, posted to the Internet Archive. Bush, Coleridge and the 1960 Harvard term project.",
   "url": "https://archive.org/details/HTbrewD11"
  },
  {
   "title": "Ted's ComParadigm in OneLiners",
   "cite": "1999, on his site. His computer paradigm compressed to one-liners; the source of most of the quotations people repeat.",
   "url": "https://xanadu.com.au/ted/TN/WRITINGS/TCOMPARADIGM/tedCompOneLiners.html"
  },
  {
   "title": "Interactive connection, viewing, and maneuvering system for complex data",
   "cite": "US Patent 6,262,736, issued 17 July 2001 (expired 2019). The ZigZag patent.",
   "url": "https://patents.google.com/patent/US6262736B1/en"
  }
 ],
 "coined_words": [
  {
   "word": "hypertext",
   "note": "1963; published 1965"
  },
  {
   "word": "hypermedia",
   "note": "1963; published 1965"
  },
  {
   "word": "hyperfilm",
   "note": "1965"
  },
  {
   "word": "transclusion",
   "note": "Literary Machines, 1981"
  },
  {
   "word": "docuverse",
   "note": "Literary Machines"
  },
  {
   "word": "intertwingularity",
   "note": "Computer Lib/Dream Machines, 1974"
  },
  {
   "word": "cybercrud",
   "note": "Computer Lib/Dream Machines, 1974"
  },
  {
   "word": "thinkertoys",
   "note": "Literary Machines subtitle"
  },
  {
   "word": "stretchtext",
   "note": "on his list of coined terms"
  },
  {
   "word": "virtuality (computer sense)",
   "note": "on his list of coined terms"
  },
  {
   "word": "micropayment",
   "note": "on his list of coined terms"
  },
  {
   "word": "teledildonics",
   "note": "1975, per Wikipedia"
  }
 ],
 "quotes": [
  {
   "text": "By 'hypertext' I mean non-sequential writing-- text that branches and allows choices to the reader, best read at an interactive screen.",
   "where": "Literary Machines, 1981 (section 0/2)",
   "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literary_Machines"
  },
  {
   "text": "Everything is deeply intertwingled ... there are no 'subjects' at all; there is only all knowledge, since the cross-connections among the myriad topics of this world simply cannot be divided up neatly.",
   "where": "Computer Lib/Dream Machines, 1974 (Dream Machines side)",
   "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intertwingularity"
  },
  {
   "text": "You can and must understand computers NOW.",
   "where": "Computer Lib, 1974, the cover slogan",
   "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Lib/Dream_Machines"
  },
  {
   "text": "The purpose of computers is human freedom.",
   "where": "Computer Lib, 1974, as he quotes himself on his OneLiners page",
   "source": "https://xanadu.com.au/ted/TN/WRITINGS/TCOMPARADIGM/tedCompOneLiners.html"
  },
  {
   "text": "No one's life has yet been simplified by a computer.",
   "where": "Computer Lib, 1974, via his OneLiners page",
   "source": "https://xanadu.com.au/ted/TN/WRITINGS/TCOMPARADIGM/tedCompOneLiners.html"
  },
  {
   "text": "In 1974, computers were oppressive devices in far-off airconditioned places. Now you can be oppressed by computers in your own living room.",
   "where": "Computer Lib, 1987 edition, via his OneLiners page",
   "source": "https://xanadu.com.au/ted/TN/WRITINGS/TCOMPARADIGM/tedCompOneLiners.html"
  },
  {
   "text": "The Xanadu project did not 'fail to invent HTML'. HTML is precisely what we were trying to PREVENT.",
   "where": "Ted's ComParadigm in OneLiners, 1999. Wikipedia carries the longer form: '... ever-breaking links, links going outward only, quotes you can't follow to their origins, no version management, no rights management.'",
   "source": "https://xanadu.com.au/ted/TN/WRITINGS/TCOMPARADIGM/tedCompOneLiners.html"
  },
  {
   "text": "Trying to fix HTML is like trying to graft arms and legs onto hamburger.",
   "where": "Ted's ComParadigm in OneLiners, 1999",
   "source": "https://xanadu.com.au/ted/TN/WRITINGS/TCOMPARADIGM/tedCompOneLiners.html"
  },
  {
   "text": "The Web is the minimal concession to hypertext that a sequence-and-hierarchy chauvinist could possibly make.",
   "where": "Ted's ComParadigm in OneLiners, 1999",
   "source": "https://xanadu.com.au/ted/TN/WRITINGS/TCOMPARADIGM/tedCompOneLiners.html"
  },
  {
   "text": "Imitating paper on a computer screen is like tearing the wings off a 747 and using it as a bus on the highway.",
   "where": "Ted's ComParadigm in OneLiners, 1999",
   "source": "https://xanadu.com.au/ted/TN/WRITINGS/TCOMPARADIGM/tedCompOneLiners.html"
  },
  {
   "text": "Calling a hierarchical directory a 'folder' doesn't change its nature any more than calling a prison guard a 'counselor'.",
   "where": "Ted's ComParadigm in OneLiners, 1999",
   "source": "https://xanadu.com.au/ted/TN/WRITINGS/TCOMPARADIGM/tedCompOneLiners.html"
  },
  {
   "text": "We hope for vindication, the last laugh, and recognition as an additional standard-- electronic documents with visible connections.",
   "where": "Project Xanadu home page, xanadu.com",
   "source": "https://xanadu.com/"
  },
  {
   "text": "SOMEONE has to have a different point of view.",
   "where": "His Keio-era home page at xanadu.com.au/ted",
   "source": "https://xanadu.com.au/ted/"
  },
  {
   "text": "The world would have been a better place if I had succeeded, but I ain't dead yet.",
   "where": "Accepting an honorary doctorate at Chapman University, 2014, as reported by Wikipedia",
   "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Nelson"
  },
  {
   "text": "Designer, Generalist, Contrarian.",
   "where": "How he describes himself on his Who I Am page, 1998",
   "source": "https://ted.hyperland.com/whoIam/"
  }
 ],
 "about_him": [
  {
   "text": "Tesla:Electricity = Nelson:Digital. All of the web is essentially a pale shadow of one of Ted Nelson's dreams.",
   "who": "Mitch Kapor, founder of Lotus",
   "where": "quoted by the Internet Archive, 2010",
   "url": "https://blog.archive.org/2010/10/15/ted-nelson-launches-his-autobiography-at-internet-archive/"
  },
  {
   "text": "Ted Nelson is the Thomas Paine of the Information Revolution.",
   "who": "Stewart Brand, creator of the Whole Earth Catalog",
   "where": "quoted by the Internet Archive, 2010",
   "url": "https://blog.archive.org/2010/10/15/ted-nelson-launches-his-autobiography-at-internet-archive/"
  },
  {
   "text": "A truly first-class mind ... one of the dozen or so most brilliant people I've met.",
   "who": "Eric Raymond",
   "where": "quoted by the Internet Archive, 2010",
   "url": "https://blog.archive.org/2010/10/15/ted-nelson-launches-his-autobiography-at-internet-archive/"
  },
  {
   "text": "Xanadu, a global hypertext publishing system, is the longest-running vaporware story in the history of the computer industry.",
   "who": "Gary Wolf, Wired, June 1995",
   "where": "the opening of The Curse of Xanadu; Nelson disputed the article at length",
   "url": "https://www.wired.com/1995/06/xanadu/"
  },
  {
   "text": "Essential reading as background, enthusiasm and ideas on hypertext.",
   "who": "Tim Berners-Lee, on Literary Machines",
   "where": "his CERN hypertext pages, 1992",
   "url": "https://www.w3.org/History/19921103-hypertext/hypertext/Products/Xanadu/Xanadu.html"
  },
  {
   "text": "A 'systems humanist' designer whose vision of a Utopian world of intellect focused around the computer screen foresaw, from the 1960s, the kind of cyberworld that has been opened forty years later.",
   "who": "Oxford Internet Institute",
   "where": "his fellow profile",
   "url": "https://www.oii.ox.ac.uk/people/profiles/ted-nelson/"
  }
 ],
 "xanadu_rules": [
  "Every Xanadu server is uniquely and securely identified.",
  "Every Xanadu server can be operated independently or in a network.",
  "Every user is uniquely and securely identified.",
  "Every user can search, retrieve, create and store documents.",
  "Every document can consist of any number of parts, each of which may be of any data type.",
  "Every document can contain links of any type, including virtual copies (transclusions), to any other document in the system accessible to its owner.",
  "Links are visible and can be followed from all endpoints.",
  "Permission to link to a document is explicitly granted by the act of publication.",
  "Every document can contain a royalty mechanism at any desired degree of granularity to ensure payment on any portion accessed, including virtual copies (transclusions) of all or part of the document.",
  "Every document is uniquely and securely identified.",
  "Every document can have secure access controls.",
  "Every document can be rapidly searched, stored and retrieved without user knowledge of where it is physically stored.",
  "Every document is automatically moved to physical storage appropriate to its frequency of access from any given location.",
  "Every document is automatically stored redundantly to maintain availability even in case of a disaster.",
  "Every Xanadu service provider can charge their users at any rate they choose for the storage, retrieval and publishing of documents.",
  "Every transaction is secure and auditable only by the parties to that transaction.",
  "The Xanadu client-server communication protocol is an openly published standard. Third-party software development and integration is encouraged."
 ],
 "videos": [
  {
   "id": "KdnGPQaICjk",
   "title": "Computers for Cynics 0 - The Myth of Technology",
   "channel": "TheTedNelson",
   "is_nelson": true
  },
  {
   "id": "Qfai5reVrck",
   "title": "Computers for Cynics 1 - The Nightmare of Files and Directories",
   "channel": "TheTedNelson",
   "is_nelson": true
  },
  {
   "id": "c6SUOeAqOjU",
   "title": "Computers for Cynics 2 - It All Went Wrong at Xerox PARC",
   "channel": "TheTedNelson",
   "is_nelson": true
  },
  {
   "id": "bhzD2FKEEds",
   "title": "Computers for Cynics 3 - The Database Mess",
   "channel": "TheTedNelson",
   "is_nelson": true
  },
  {
   "id": "_xL19f48m9U",
   "title": "Computers for Cynics 4 - PERSONAL COMPUTING-- the Dance of Apple and Microsoft",
   "channel": "TheTedNelson",
   "is_nelson": true
  },
  {
   "id": "_9PmIkAYhI0",
   "title": "Computers for Cynics 5 - Hyperhistory",
   "channel": "TheTedNelson",
   "is_nelson": true
  },
  {
   "id": "gWDPhEvKuRY",
   "title": "Computers for Cynics 6 - The Real Story of the World Wide Web",
   "channel": "TheTedNelson",
   "is_nelson": true
  },
  {
   "id": "w950GgRzbJk",
   "title": "Computers for Cynics N - CLOSURE: Pay Attention to the Man Behind the Curtain",
   "channel": "TheTedNelson",
   "is_nelson": true
  },
  {
   "id": "hMKy52Intac",
   "title": "Xanadu Basics 1a - VISIBLE CONNECTION",
   "channel": "TheTedNelson",
   "is_nelson": true
  },
  {
   "id": "1yLNGUeHapA",
   "title": "Ted Nelson Demonstrates XanaduSpace",
   "channel": "TheTedNelson",
   "is_nelson": true
  },
  {
   "id": "En_2T7KH6RA",
   "title": "Ted Nelson demonstrates Xanadu Space",
   "channel": "photonhunter",
   "is_nelson": true
  },
  {
   "id": "RVU62CQTXFI",
   "title": "Ted Nelson struggles with uncomprehending radio interviewer, 1979",
   "channel": "TheTedNelson",
   "is_nelson": true
  },
  {
   "id": "VsbIXv_71mo",
   "title": "Ted's Presentation at his 80th Birthday Party, Internet Archive (audio only)",
   "channel": "TheTedNelson",
   "is_nelson": true
  },
  {
   "id": "yMjPqr1s-cg",
   "title": "Ted Nelson's Eulogy for Douglas Engelbart",
   "channel": "Computer History Museum",
   "is_nelson": true
  },
  {
   "id": "2-MbW43ZbDk",
   "title": "Stanford Seminar: I forgot, I invented hypertext - Ted Nelson",
   "channel": "Stanford Online",
   "is_nelson": true
  },
  {
   "id": "i67rQdHuO-8",
   "title": "Director's Cut: Ted Nelson on Hypertext, Douglas Englebart, Xanadu and More",
   "channel": "IEEE Spectrum",
   "is_nelson": true
  },
  {
   "id": "edZgkNoLdAM",
   "title": "Ted Nelson on What Modern Programmers Can Learn From the Past",
   "channel": "IEEE Spectrum",
   "is_nelson": true
  },
  {
   "id": "k1QjcUbku6Q",
   "title": "Ted Nelson on Project Xanadu: Triangulation 164",
   "channel": "TWiT Tech Podcast Network",
   "is_nelson": true
  },
  {
   "id": "JN1IBkAcJ1E",
   "title": "Pioneers: Ted Nelson",
   "channel": "Notion",
   "is_nelson": true
  },
  {
   "id": "1iAJPoc23-M",
   "title": "Douglas Adams - Hyperland",
   "channel": "UJ ObscureMedia",
   "is_nelson": false
  },
  {
   "id": "UhpTiWyVa6k",
   "title": "1968 \"Mother of All Demos\" with Doug Engelbart & Team (1/3)  [re-mastered]",
   "channel": "Doug Engelbart Institute",
   "is_nelson": false
  },
  {
   "id": "yJDv-zdhzMY",
   "title": "The Mother of All Demos, presented by Douglas Engelbart (1968)",
   "channel": "Marcel",
   "is_nelson": false
  },
  {
   "id": "fVUgf2zZnCA",
   "title": "Episode 55 - Project Xanadu",
   "channel": "Advent Of Computing",
   "is_nelson": false
  },
  {
   "id": "5i6LXdj_Z6s",
   "title": "Jaron at \"Intertwingled\" festival, 2014",
   "channel": "TheTedNelson",
   "is_nelson": false
  },
  {
   "id": "KIOuRuvQ10c",
   "title": "OpenXanaduDemo",
   "channel": "Jack Seay",
   "is_nelson": false
  }
 ],
 "sources": [
  {
   "name": "Wikipedia: Ted Nelson",
   "note": "Biography, career, publications, honors. Fetched 14 September 2026.",
   "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Nelson"
  },
  {
   "name": "Wikipedia: Project Xanadu",
   "note": "History, the seventeen rules, people, OpenXanadu.",
   "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Xanadu"
  },
  {
   "name": "Wikipedia: Computer Lib/Dream Machines",
   "note": "The 1974 book and its 1987 edition.",
   "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Lib/Dream_Machines"
  },
  {
   "name": "Wikipedia: Literary Machines",
   "note": "Editions, subtitle, definition of hypertext.",
   "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literary_Machines"
  },
  {
   "name": "Wikipedia: Hypertext, Transclusion, Intertwingularity, ZigZag",
   "note": "Concept histories and the 1965 citation.",
   "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertext"
  },
  {
   "name": "Wikipedia: Ralph Nelson and Celeste Holm",
   "note": "His parents.",
   "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celeste_Holm"
  },
  {
   "name": "Project Xanadu (xanadu.com)",
   "note": "His project site: Founded 1960 * The Original Hypertext Project.",
   "url": "https://xanadu.com/"
  },
  {
   "name": "Ted Nelson home page (hyperland.com)",
   "note": "Points to his YouTube channel and the three videos he most wants seen.",
   "url": "https://hyperland.com/"
  },
  {
   "name": "Who I Am (ted.hyperland.com, 1998)",
   "note": "His self-description, degrees, coined words, mentors and awards.",
   "url": "https://ted.hyperland.com/whoIam/"
  },
  {
   "name": "Ted's ComParadigm in OneLiners (1999)",
   "note": "The source of the HTML, hamburger, 747 and folder lines.",
   "url": "https://xanadu.com.au/ted/TN/WRITINGS/TCOMPARADIGM/tedCompOneLiners.html"
  },
  {
   "name": "Keio-era home page (xanadu.com.au/ted)",
   "note": "Project professor at Keio SFC; ZigZag, CosmicBook, the motto.",
   "url": "https://xanadu.com.au/ted/"
  },
  {
   "name": "Oxford Internet Institute profile",
   "note": "Fellowship dates, Wadham, the systems humanist description, the 2001 honor.",
   "url": "https://www.oii.ox.ac.uk/people/profiles/ted-nelson/"
  },
  {
   "name": "Internet Archive blog, 15 October 2010",
   "note": "The Possiplex launch and the Kapor, Brand and Raymond quotations.",
   "url": "https://blog.archive.org/2010/10/15/ted-nelson-launches-his-autobiography-at-internet-archive/"
  },
  {
   "name": "Where My Ideas Came From-- for Brewster (2018)",
   "note": "His own account of the origin of hypertext.",
   "url": "https://archive.org/details/HTbrewD11"
  },
  {
   "name": "Tim Berners-Lee, Ted Nelson and Xanadu (CERN, 1992)",
   "note": "Literary Machines as essential reading.",
   "url": "https://www.w3.org/History/19921103-hypertext/hypertext/Products/Xanadu/Xanadu.html"
  },
  {
   "name": "Wired 3.06, The Curse of Xanadu (June 1995)",
   "note": "Gary Wolf's article; the vaporware line quoted from the article itself.",
   "url": "https://www.wired.com/1995/06/xanadu/"
  },
  {
   "name": "ACM Digital Library",
   "note": "The 1965 paper record, doi 10.1145/800197.806036.",
   "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/800197.806036"
  },
  {
   "name": "Encounters with HCI Pioneers (Ben Shneiderman)",
   "note": "SIGCHI 2014 award, the Ted Nelson Newcomer Award.",
   "url": "https://hcipioneers.wordpress.com/portfolio/nelson-ted/"
  },
  {
   "name": "ACM SIGCHI 2014 awards",
   "note": "Special Recognition Award.",
   "url": "https://archive.sigchi.org/awards/sigchi-award-recipients/2014-sigchi-awards/"
  },
  {
   "name": "San Francisco Chronicle obituary, Marlene Mallicoat (2015)",
   "note": "Collaborator from 1992, later his wife.",
   "url": "https://www.legacy.com/obituaries/sfgate/obituary.aspx?pid=174972671"
  },
  {
   "name": "computerlibbook.com",
   "note": "His store for the republished Computer Lib/Dream Machines.",
   "url": "https://computerlibbook.com/"
  },
  {
   "name": "YouTube oEmbed",
   "note": "Every video ID on this site was checked against YouTube's oEmbed endpoint for title and channel.",
   "url": "https://www.youtube.com/oembed"
  },
  {
   "name": "Wikimedia Commons API",
   "note": "Every photograph's license and author were read from Commons metadata.",
   "url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ted_Nelson"
  }
 ],
 "photos": {
  "ted-nelson-shdh-2011": {
   "alt": "Ted Nelson presenting Project Xanadu at SuperHappyDevHouse, The Tech Museum of Innovation, San Jose, 19 February 2011",
   "credit": "Dgies",
   "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
   "source": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ted_Nelson_at_SuperHappyDevHouse.jpg"
  },
  "ted-nelson-shdh-2011-cropped": {
   "alt": "Ted Nelson at The Tech Museum, San Jose, February 2011",
   "credit": "Dgies",
   "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
   "source": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ted_Nelson_cropped.jpg"
  },
  "ted-nelson-homebrew-reunion-2013": {
   "alt": "Ted Nelson at the Homebrew Computer Club reunion, 11 November 2013, where he was the featured speaker",
   "credit": "Gotanero",
   "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
   "source": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ted_Nelson_(November_2013).jpg"
  },
  "ted-nelson-hannemyr-2011": {
   "alt": "Ted Nelson, October 2011",
   "credit": "Gisle Hannemyr",
   "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
   "source": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ted_Nelson.jpg"
  },
  "ted-nelson-sf-2010-a": {
   "alt": "Ted Nelson at the Internet Archive, San Francisco, 8 October 2010, the night he launched Possiplex",
   "credit": "Beatrice Murch",
   "license": "CC BY 2.0",
   "source": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ted_Nelson_-_5078420419.jpg"
  },
  "ted-nelson-sf-2010-b": {
   "alt": "Ted Nelson at the Internet Archive, San Francisco, 8 October 2010",
   "credit": "Beatrice Murch",
   "license": "CC BY 2.0",
   "source": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ted_Nelson_-_5078423031.jpg"
  },
  "ted-nelson-rebranded-2010": {
   "alt": "Ted Nelson in front of a projected document, San Francisco, 8 October 2010",
   "credit": "Beatrice Murch",
   "license": "CC BY 2.0",
   "source": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ted_Nelson_Rebranded_-_5078417937.jpg"
  },
  "ted-nelson-opentech-2005": {
   "alt": "Ted Nelson speaking at OpenTech, London, 23 July 2005, beneath his slide: Today's computer world is based on tekkie misunderstandings of human thought and human life",
   "credit": "LoopZilla",
   "license": "CC BY-SA 1.0",
   "source": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ted_Nelson_Opentech2005.jpg"
  },
  "ted-nelson-keio-1999": {
   "alt": "Ted Nelson at Keio University, 1999, with a ZigZag display and its colour-coded keyboard",
   "credit": "Belinda Barnet",
   "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
   "source": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ted-nelson-1999.jpg"
  },
  "hes-console-brown-1969": {
   "alt": "The Hypertext Editing System console at Brown University, October 1969: the IBM 2250 display and light pen of the system Nelson consulted on in 1967",
   "credit": "Gregory Lloyd",
   "license": "CC BY 2.0",
   "source": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:HypertextEditingSystemConsoleBrownUniv1969.jpg"
  },
  "memex-life-1945": {
   "alt": "Life magazine's 1945 illustration of Vannevar Bush's memex, the desk of linked microfilm that Nelson names among the origins of his ideas",
   "credit": "Time Inc. (Life magazine)",
   "license": "public domain",
   "source": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_Memex_(3002477109).jpg"
  },
  "vannevar-bush-portrait": {
   "alt": "Vannevar Bush, whose 1945 essay As We May Think described the memex",
   "credit": "Office for Emergency Management (OEM Defense), Library of Congress cph.3a37339",
   "license": "public domain",
   "source": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Vannevar_Bush_portrait.jpg"
  },
  "engelbart-sri-1968": {
   "alt": "Douglas Engelbart at SRI in December 1968, the month of the demonstration later called the Mother of All Demos",
   "credit": "SRI International",
   "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
   "source": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:SRI_Douglas_Engelbart_1968.jpg"
  },
  "engelbart-2008": {
   "alt": "Douglas Engelbart in 2008; Nelson delivered his eulogy at the Computer History Museum in 2013",
   "credit": "Alex Handy",
   "license": "CC BY-SA 2.0",
   "source": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Douglas_Engelbart_in_2008.jpg"
  },
  "swarthmore-parrish-hall": {
   "alt": "Parrish Hall, Swarthmore College, where Nelson took his B.A. in philosophy and where the 1979 Xanadu summer was held",
   "credit": "Kungming2",
   "license": "CC BY 3.0",
   "source": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Swarthmore_Parrish_Hall.jpg"
  },
  "keio-sfc-main-gate": {
   "alt": "The main gate of Keio University's Shonan Fujisawa Campus, where he was visiting professor from 1996 and took his Ph.D. in 2002",
   "credit": "Karadameguricha",
   "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
   "source": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Keio_University_Shonan_Fujisawa_Campus_Main_Gate.jpg"
  },
  "oxford-internet-institute-door": {
   "alt": "The front door of the Oxford Internet Institute, where he was a Fellow from 2004",
   "credit": "Abullard",
   "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
   "source": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Oxford_Internet_Institute_Front_Door.jpg"
  },
  "celeste-holm-1947": {
   "alt": "Celeste Holm in 1947, the year of her Academy Award for Gentleman's Agreement",
   "credit": "Unknown (studio publicity)",
   "license": "public domain",
   "source": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Studio_publicity_Celeste_Holm.jpg"
  },
  "celeste-holm-1955": {
   "alt": "Celeste Holm in 1955",
   "credit": "MGM studio",
   "license": "public domain",
   "source": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Celeste_Holm-1955.jpg"
  },
  "ralph-nelson-1973": {
   "alt": "Ralph Nelson in 1973, photographed by one of his children",
   "credit": "RBNRP (photographed by his child)",
   "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
   "source": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Ralph_Nelson.jpg"
  }
 },
 "generated": "2026-09-14"
}